102 Search Results

NiO_x nanocatalysts with two distinct morphologies, nano-spindles and nano-plates, were synthesized and evaluated for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance. Spindle-like NiO_x was prepared via a hydrothermal reaction of nickel nitrate and urea with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a surfactant at 120 °C for 24 h, forming Ni(OH)₂-based intermediates that were subsequently calcined at 300 °C for 3 h. In contrast, platelet-like Ni(OH)₂ nanocrystals were obtained using nickel(II) acetate and KOH at 180 °C for 24 h, followed by calcination at 400 °C or 500 °C for 4 h to yield NiO_x nano-plates. The NiO_x nano-spindles exhibited an OER overpotential of 395more » mV at 10 mA/cm², whereas the NiO_x nano-plates annealed at 400 °C and 500 °C showed overpotentials of 565 mV and 474 mV at 10 mA/cm², respectively. Structural characterization and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy indicate these differences arise from morphology-dependent surface structures that govern catalytic activity.« less

Transition-metal oxyhydroxides such as CoOOH are promising low-cost electrocatalysts for the selective electrooxidation of organic molecules, yet the influence of ubiquitous transition-metal impurities on their performance and durability remains poorly understood. Here, we experimentally probed the individual and synergistic electrochemical and structural effects of Ni and Mn incorporations into model CoOOH electrocatalysts toward an efficient benzyl alcohol oxidation reaction (BAOR). Comprehensive electrochemical, microscopic, and spectroscopic analyses reveal that Ni incorporation enhances charge-transfer kinetics and overall activity through the formation of catalytically active Ni³⁺ sites, whereas Mn exhibited a more complex but interesting role. At the early stages of operation, Mn⁴⁺more » acts as a stabilizing surface layer that mitigates catalyst degradation but partially blocks Co sites before they undergo gradual leaching. The concurrent incorporation of both Ni and Mn yields a trimetallic 2NMC@NF electrocatalyst that integrates the activity benefits of Ni with the stability conferred by Mn, achieving 92.9% benzyl alcohol conversion and 91.4% Faradaic efficiency after 24 h at 1.5 V vs RHE. These findings elucidate how trace Ni and Mn impurities, often introduced from electrolytes or external sources, can modulate the lattice and electronic structure of CoOOH, offering a design strategy for enhancing both activity and long-term stability in electrocatalytic organic oxidation.« less

Maximizing iridium utilization while maintaining high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance remains a persistent challenge in acidic water electrolysis. Immobilizing Ir on conductive, acid-stable supports is promising, yet simultaneously achieving sub-nanometer size, high area coverage, and strong electronic coupling is difficult. Here, we report a sequential surface synthesis on titanium nitride (TiN) that yields uniformly distributed sub-nanometer Ir arrays (∼0.7 nm). Our method uses ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as a temporal scaffold: it chemisorbs to TiN to install dense chelating sites, captures Ir³⁺ ions, and confines Ir cluster growth. A subsequent thermal treatment at 500 °C in a reducing atmosphere removesmore » the ligand shell, while preserving ultrasmall particle size and establishing direct Ir–TiN electronic coupling. The optimized catalyst exhibits mixed Ir⁰/Ir^x+ coordination with low charge-transfer resistance (R_ct = 19.2 Ω), delivering a mass activity of 342 A g_Ir⁻¹ at 1.54 V in acidic electrolyte. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy reveals irreversible surface oxidation as the primary stability-limiting factor. This stepwise strategy provides a general framework for supported catalysts that maximize precious metal utilization via sub-nanometer dispersion.« less

Morphology-controlled nanostructures provide an effective strategy to modulate both oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity and photovoltaic performance in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, achieving low OER overpotentials and high power conversion efficiency (PCE) simultaneously through morphology engineering remains challenging. In this work, nickel oxide (NiO_x) nanostructures with spindle-like (NiO_x-NS) and plate-like (NiO_x-NP) morphologies were synthesized and evaluated as bi-functional OER catalysts and hole transport layers (HTLs) in inverted PSCs. Structural and thermal analyses reveal that NiO_x-NS crystallizes into a cubic phase at a lower temperature (300 °C), whereas NiO_x-NP requires higher calcination temperatures, reflecting differences in precursor microstructure. Electrochemical measurementsmore » indicate that NiO_x-NS calcined at 300 °C delivers the lowest OER overpotential (395 mV at 10 mA cm⁻²), outperforming NiO_x-NP calcined at 400 °C (565 mV) and 500 °C (474 mV). This enhanced activity is ascribed to favorable surface strain, increased defect density, and advantageous facet exposure. When used as HTLs, NiO_x-NS also delivers the highest PCE (13.25%) among all tested devices, exceeding those based on NiO_x-NP and commercial NiO_x, owing to improved hole extraction and interfacial contact. Overall, this study highlights the importance of morphology control and thermal processing in tailoring NiO_x for multifunctional nanomaterials in electrocatalytic and photovoltaic applications.« less

Traditional alkaline iron (Fe) batteries rely on the conversion reaction between Fe and Fe(OH)₂ but suffer from hydrogen generation upon Fe formation on charging. Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox is a promising anode reaction for alkaline Fe batteries, as it alleviates the formation of hydrogen gas during charging. However, achieving complete Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox with a one-electron transfer reaction is challenging due to the formation of electrochemically inert Fe₃O₄ materials. Here, we demonstrate that an alkaline sulfide-containing electrolyte facilitates the reversible multi-ion transfer and transport pathways within (and beyond) the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox system, including Fe(OH)₂/Fe₃O₄ conversion, intercalation of hydrosulfide into layered Fe(OH)₂, and hydrogenmore » deposition, mediated by hydroxyl ions, hydrosulfide anions, and protons, respectively. This multi-ionic charge storage mechanism delivers a compelling discharge capacity of up to 330 mA h g⁻¹, as determined by chronopotentiometry measurements at a current density of 0.1 A g⁻¹, exceeding the theoretical iron redox capacity solely relying on Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ redox (∼299 mA h g⁻¹). Our study will highlight the potential of alkaline iron redox as a green anode reaction for various aqueous energy storage systems by utilizing a scalable and low-concentration hydrosulfide electrolyte additive.« less

Autonomous synthesis platforms promise rapid exploration of vast parameter spaces; yet, integrating in situ structural characterization in closed-loop synthesis optimization remains challenging. We demonstrate a realization of such a closed-loop platform coupled with a droplet-flow microreactor, in situ X-ray scattering methods (SAXS/WAXS), and Gaussian process optimization to synthesize citrate-reduced Au nanoparticles with targeted characteristics. The system efficiently explored ∼19,000 synthesis recipes through 365 experiments, achieving precise control over size (4–60 nm) and polydispersity (σ < 0.11) across large citrate/gold ratios, exceeding traditional synthesis boundaries (1–10). Beyond confirming classical Turkevich–Frens trends, partial-dependence analysis revealed strong nonlinear coupling among precursor, citrate, andmore » pH effects. Combining quantitative SAXS/WAXS analysis with electron microscopy characterization, we uncovered that crystallite size (d_c) and particle size (d) follow d_c = 0.18d + β, where synthesis chemistry controls the intercept β while maintaining a universal slope. This parallel-band structure enables independent tuning of crystallite domain size at fixed particle diameter through a combination of chloride, gold precursor, citrate, and pH contributions (cross-validated Spearman ρ = 0.7 ± 0.1). High-resolution electron microscopy shows multiple lattice-fringe orientations within single particles, directly confirming polycrystalline domains and the ability to tune d_c at the fixed d. The platform’s validation includes indistinguishable static versus flowing measurements, stable droplet transport at 100 °C, and <5% run-to-run variation, establishing a robust framework for mapping and controlling multiscale nanoparticle structure across expansive chemical spaces. In conclusion, the developed closed-loop platform can be applied to a borad range of nanosyntheis processes.« less

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), a main composition of flue gas, represents a significant and largely untapped carbon resource. Herein, mediated by glycine (Gly), we captured and converted CO₂ into CaCO₃ nanoparticles using real flue gas from a power plant, demonstrating for the first time the feasibility of using amino acid to convert CO₂ from power plant flue gasses. The method did not require extraneous energy and CaCO₃ nanoparticles with a size of ∼25 nm were obtained. Moreover, the potential toxicity of CO₂-converted nanoparticles was investigated. It appeared that both the initial CO₂ loading and the carbamate percentage significantly influence the shapemore » and size of the CaCO₃ particles. Our method was also proven effective for flue gas with varying CO₂ concentrations (4 %, 12 %, and 20 %). By tuning flue gas bubbling time and flow rate to achieve consistent CO₂ loading and carbamate levels, we produced CaCO₃ nanoparticles with similar shapes and sizes across all CO₂ concentrations studied. In addition, our data indicated that although real flue gas contains small amounts of gases like oxygen and CO, they insignificantly influence the shape and size of our nanoparticles but did impact the phase component of CaCO₃. In conclusion, the toxicity experiments found that CaCO₃ nanoparticles produced from both real flue gas and simulated flue gas exhibited concentration- and time-dependent effects on cell viability.« less

Sintering poses a significant challenge to achieving the long-term stability of supported metal catalysts under reaction conditions. Here, in this study, we report a low-temperature catalyst redispersion mechanism, in which platinum single atoms, which aggregate into nanoparticles under Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) conditions at elevated temperatures, fragment into atomically dispersed species upon cooling. Using multimodal operando characterization combined with first-principles theoretical modeling, we track the structural evolution of Pt single atoms supported on ceria nanodomes, deposited either on ceria or ceria–titania mixed oxides. We find that fragmentation is more pronounced when cooling occurs under RWGS conditions compared to COmore » alone, owing to a synergistic interplay of the effects of H₂, CO₂, and CO. The support architecture has a strong influence on the extent of redispersion: while CO alone induces fragmentation on ceria, interfacial confinement and vacancy pinning at the ceria–titania interface suppress restructuring. In contrast, RWGS conditions overcome these barriers, enabling redispersion across both supports. These findings point toward a pathway for catalyst stabilization via reaction-induced redispersion under mild conditions.« less

Utilizing palladium (Pd) clusters as active sites offers a promising route to minimize noble metal consumption in electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production. In this work, we present a synthesis approach for anchoring Pd-based clusters onto carbon-supported CeO₂ nanosubstrates to enable efficient H₂O₂ generation via the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) pathway. By systematically adjusting Pd loading, we evaluated its impact on H₂O₂ yield and production rate. The catalyst with the lowest Pd content (0.027 wt%) exhibited outstanding performance, achieving 97% H₂O₂ selectivity, 94.2 faradaic efficiency at 0.7 V vs. RHE, and a peak production rate of 195.8 mol g_Pd⁻¹ h⁻¹.more » A formulation containing 0.35 wt% Pd delivered a peak ORR mass activity nearly three times as high as that of commercial 10 wt% Pd/C, while retaining comparable electrochemical stability. These enhancements are attributed to synergistic effects among isolated PdO clusters, CeO₂ nanocrystals, and the conductive carbon support, which together facilitate oxygen adsorption and promote the two-electron ORR pathway. Analysis after accelerated durability testing further revealed a tendency toward cluster agglomeration and mass transfer from smaller to larger nanocrystals, indicative of a coarsening mechanism. Overall, this study underscores the promise of low-Pd PdO–CeO₂–carbon hybrid catalysts for scalable and efficient H₂O₂ electrosynthesis, while highlighting stability as a critical area for future improvement.« less

Exploring and designing a stable and active catalyst for the urea electro-oxidation reaction (UOR, CO(NH₂)₂ + 6OH^– → CO₂ + N₂ + 5H₂O + 6e^–) is crucial for the long-term sustainability of ecological systems and clean energy production. We found that spinel NiCo₂O₄ is a stable and active electrocatalyst for UOR at a relatively low anodic potential without triggering the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER). A urea electrolysis cell (CO(NH₂)2 + H₂O → CO₂ + N₂ + 2H₂) utilizing a spinel NiCo₂O₄ anode and a commercial Pt cathode was further characterized through galvanostatic polarization tests, demonstrating excellent structural stability atmore » various current densities. Post-mortem analysis of long-term urea electrolysis measurements suggested that NiCo₂O₄ electrocatalysts maintained a stable spinel structure. However, redistribution of Ni³⁺ to Ni²⁺ valence on the catalyst surface was observed, in contrast to the intact Co valence, indicating that (i) Ni sites are active toward urea adsorption and sequential electro-oxidation; (ii) while urea oxidation proceeds primarily through the direct electro-oxidation mechanism, chemical reactions between the Ni³⁺ site and urea occur during long-term electrochemical UOR operation. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations were used to calculate the adsorption energies of urea molecules on NiO, Co₃O₄, and NiCo₂O₄, revealing the importance of regulating the configuration of adsorbed urea molecules on the NiCo₂O₄ surface.« less